Asterisk - The Open Source VoIP PBX
Asterisk: The Future of Telephony
Table of Contents
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
Audience
Organization
Software
Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples
Safari® Enabled
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. A Telephony Revolution
Section 1.1. VoIP: Bridging the Gap Between Traditional Telephony and Network Telephony
Section 1.2. Massive Change Requires Flexible Technology
Section 1.3. Asterisk: The Hacker's PBX
Section 1.4. Asterisk: The Professional's PBX
Section 1.5. The Asterisk Community
Section 1.6. The Business Case
Section 1.7. This Book
Chapter 2. Preparing a System for Asterisk
Section 2.1. Server Hardware Selection
Section 2.2. Environment
Section 2.3. Telephony Hardware
Section 2.4. Types of Phone
Section 2.5. Linux Considerations
Section 2.6. Conclusion
Chapter 3. Installing Asterisk
Section 3.1. What Packages Do I Need?
Section 3.2. Obtaining the Source Code
Section 3.3. Compiling Zaptel
Section 3.4. Compiling libpri
Section 3.5. Compiling Asterisk
Section 3.6. Installing Additional Prompts
Section 3.7. Updating Your Source Code
Section 3.8. Common Compiling Issues
Section 3.9. Loading Zaptel Modules
Section 3.10. Loading libpri
Section 3.11. Loading Asterisk
Section 3.12. Directories Used by Asterisk
Section 3.13. Conclusion
Chapter 4. Initial Configuration of Asterisk
Section 4.1. What Do I Really Need?
Section 4.2. Working with Interface Configuration Files
Section 4.3. FXO and FXS Channels
Section 4.4. Configuring an FXO Channel
Section 4.5. Configuring an FXS Channel
Section 4.6. Configuring SIP
Section 4.7. Configuring Inbound IAX Connections
Section 4.8. Configuring Outbound IAX Connections
Section 4.9. Debugging
Section 4.10. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Dialplan Basics
Section 5.1. Dialplan Syntax
Section 5.2. A Simple Dialplan
Section 5.3. Adding Logic to the Dialplan
Section 5.4. Conclusion
Chapter 6. More Dialplan Concepts
Section 6.1. Expressions and Variable Manipulation
Section 6.2. Dialplan Functions
Section 6.3. Conditional Branching
Section 6.4. Voicemail
Section 6.5. Macros
Section 6.6. Using the Asterisk Database (AstDB)
Section 6.7. Handy Asterisk Features
Section 6.8. Conclusion
Chapter 7. Understanding Telephony
Section 7.1. Analog Telephony
Section 7.2. Digital Telephony
Section 7.3. The Digital Circuit-Switched Telephone Network
Section 7.4. Packet-Switched Networks
Section 7.5. Conclusion
Chapter 8. Protocols for VoIP
Section 8.1. The Need for VoIP Protocols
Section 8.2. VoIP Protocols
Section 8.3. Codecs
Section 8.4. Quality of Service
Section 8.5. Echo
Section 8.6. Asterisk and VoIP
Section 8.7. Conclusion
Chapter 9. The Asterisk Gateway Interface (AGI)
Section 9.1. Fundamentals of AGI Communication
Section 9.2. Writing AGI Scripts in Perl
Section 9.3. Creating AGI Scripts in PHP
Section 9.4. Writing AGI Scripts in Python
Section 9.5. Debugging in AGI
Section 9.6. Conclusion
Chapter 10. Asterisk for the Über-Geek
Section 10.1. Festival
Section 10.2. Call Detail Recording
Section 10.3. Customizing System Prompts
Section 10.4. Manager
Section 10.5. Call Files
Section 10.6. DUNDi
Section 10.7. Conclusion
Chapter 11. Asterisk: The Future of Telephony
Section 11.1. The Problems with Traditional Telephony
Section 11.2. Paradigm Shift
Section 11.3. The Promise of Open Source Telephony
Section 11.4. The Future of Asterisk
Appendix A. VoIP Channels
Section A.1. IAX
Section A.2. SIP
Appendix B. Application Reference
AbsoluteTimeout( )
AddQueueMember( )
ADSIProg( )
AgentCallbackLogin( )
AgentLogin( )
AgentMonitorOutgoing( )
AGI( )
AlarmReceiver( )
Answer( )
AppendCDRUserField( )
Authenticate( )
Background( )
BackgroundDetect( )
Busy( )
CallingPres( )
ChangeMonitor( )
ChanIsAvail( )
CheckGroup( )
Congestion( )
ControlPlayback( )
Curl( )
Cut( )
DateTime( )
DBdel( )
DBdeltree( )
DBget( )
DBput( )
DeadAGI( )
Dial( )
DigitTimeout( )
Directory( )
DISA( )
DumpChan( )
DUNDiLookup( )
EAGI( )
Echo( )
EndWhile( )
ENUMLookup( )
Eval( )
Exec( )
ExecIf( )
FastAGI( )
Festival( )
Flash( )
ForkCDR( )
GetCPEID( )
GetGroupCount( )
GetGroupMatchCount( )
Goto( )
GotoIf( )
GotoIfTime( )
Hangup( )
HasNewVoicemail( )
HasVoicemail( )
IAX2Provision( )
ImportVar( )
LookupBlacklist( )
LookupCIDName( )
Macro( )
MailboxExists( )
Math( )
MeetMe( )
MeetMeAdmin( )
MeetMeCount( )
Milliwatt( )
Monitor( )
MP3Player( )
MusicOnHold( )
NBScat( )
NoCDR( )
NoOp( )
Park( )
ParkAndAnnounce( )
ParkedCall( )
PauseQueueMember( )
Playback( )
Playtones( )
Prefix( )
PrivacyManager( )
Progress( )
Queue( )
Random( )
Read( )
RealTime
RealTimeUpdate( )
Record( )
RemoveQueueMember( )
ResetCDR( )
ResponseTimeout( )
RetryDial( )
Ringing( )
SayAlpha( )
SayDigits( )
SayNumber( )
SayPhonetic( )
SayUnixTime( )
SendDTMF( )
SendImage( )
SendText( )
SendURL( )
Set( )
SetAccount( )
SetAMAFlags( )
SetCallerID( )
SetCallerPres( )
SetCDRUserField( )
SetCIDName( )
SetCIDNum( )
SetGlobalVar( )
SetGroup( )
SetLanguage( )
SetMusicOnHold( )
SetRDNIS( )
SetVar( )
SIPAddHeader( )
SIPDtmfMode( )
SIPGetHeader( )
SoftHangup( )
StopMonitor( )
StopPlaytones( )
StripLSD( )
StripMSD( )
SubString( )
Suffix( )
System( )
Transfer( )
TrySystem( )
TXTCIDName( )
UnpauseQueueMember( )
UserEvent( )
Verbose( )
VMAuthenticate( )
VoiceMail( )
VoiceMailMain( )
Wait( )
WaitExten( )
WaitForRing( )
WaitForSilence( )
WaitMusicOnHold( )
While( )
Zapateller( )
ZapBarge( )
ZapRAS( )
ZapScan( )
Appendix C. AGI Reference
ANSWER
CHANNEL STATUS
DATABASE DEL
DATABASE DELTREE
DATABASE GET
DATABASE PUT
EXEC
GET DATA
GET FULL VARIABLE
GET OPTION
GET VARIABLE
HANGUP
NOOP
RECEIVE CHAR
RECORD FILE
SAY ALPHA
SAY DATE
SAY DATETIME
SAY DIGITS
SAY NUMBER
SAY PHONETIC
SAY TIME
SEND IMAGE
SEND TEXT
SET AUTOHANGUP
SET CALLERID
SET CONTEXT
SET EXTENSION
SET MUSIC ON
SET PRIORITY
SET VARIABLE
STREAM FILE
TDD MODE
VERBOSE
WAIT FOR DIGIT
Appendix D. Configuration Files
Section D.1. modules.conf
Section D.2. adsi.conf
Section D.3. adtranvofr.conf
Section D.4. agents.conf
Section D.5. alarmreceiver.conf
Section D.6. alsa.conf
Section D.7. asterisk.conf
Section D.8. cdr.conf
Section D.9. cdr_manager.conf
Section D.10. cdr_odbc.conf
Section D.11. cdr_pgsql.conf
Section D.12. cdr_tds.conf
Section D.13. codecs.conf
Section D.14. dnsmgr.conf
Section D.15. dundi.conf
Section D.16. enum.conf
Section D.17. extconfig.conf
Section D.18. extensions.conf
Section D.19. features.conf
Section D.20. festival.conf
Section D.21. iax.conf
Section D.22. iaxprov.conf
Section D.23. indications.conf
Section D.24. logger.conf
Section D.25. manager.conf
Section D.26. meetme.conf
Section D.27. mgcp.conf
Section D.28. modem.conf
Section D.29. musiconhold.conf
Section D.30. osp.conf
Section D.31. oss.conf
Section D.32. phone.conf
Section D.33. privacy.conf
Section D.34. queues.conf
Section D.35. res_odbc.conf
Section D.36. rpt.conf
Section D.37. rtp.conf
Section D.38. sip.conf
Section D.39. sip_notify.conf
Section D.40. skinny.conf
Section D.41. voicemail.conf
Section D.42. vpb.conf
Section D.43. zapata.conf
Section D.44. zaptel.conf
Appendix E. Asterisk Command-Line Interface Reference
!
abort halt
Section E.1. add
Section E.2. agi
Section E.3. database
Section E.4. iax2
Section E.5. indication
Section E.6. logger
Section E.7. meetme
Section E.8. pri
Section E.9. remove
Section E.10. restart
Section E.11. set
Section E.12. show
Section E.13. sip
Section E.14. stop
Section E.15. zap
Colophon
About the Authors
Colophon
Index
SYMBOL
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Index
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A
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E
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F
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H
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I
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T-1 lines
2nd
CAS (Channel Associated Signaling)
T-carrier circuits
tailor-made private telecommunications networks
tar application, extracting compressed source code
TCP transport-layer protocol
SIP and
VoIP Quality of Service and
TDD MODE command
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) hardware
TDM bridged calls, echo cancellation
TDM400P card
determining FXO and FXS ports
requirement for PCI Version 2.2
with one FXO module, verifying hardware and ports
TDM400P Revision H card, PCI ID
technology (or transport), Dial( ) application
teenagers' calls, managing
telecommunications networks (private), tailor-made
telecommunications systems
hardware
power supply requirements
telephone extensions
Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM) group
telephone numbering plan, maintaining
telephones
analog interfaces
analog, parts of
boosting ringing voltage
echo generated by low-quality phones
multiline, SIP
physical
analog phones
digital telephones
IP telephones
ISDN telephones
soft phones
telephony
analog
digital
Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)
digital circuit-switched network
fear campaign by traditional industry players
open source, promise of
open architecture
passionate community
rapid response to new technologies
responding to customer needs
standards compliance
things now possible
opportunities for open source
packet-switched networks
paradigm shift
traditional, problems with
clinging to the past
closed thinking
limited standard compliance
slow release cycles
telephony adaptors
telephony drivers, Zapata, compiling
temperature (equipment rooms)
terminals
text-messaging systems, uniting with voice-messaging
text-to-speech engines, Cepstral
text2wave utility (Festival)
three-way calling
on analog line
on FXO channel
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) hardware
time limit, turning off for PHP invocations from command line
Time To Live (ttl) field (dundi.conf)
time zone (tx) option, mailboxes
time-based conditional branching
TIMEOUT( ) function
timeouts
Dial( ) application argument
handling for user input
timing device (ztdummy)
timing source, systems without hardware mechanism
Tip and Ring wires (analog phones)
TLS (Transport Layer Security)
toll fraud
NANP (North American Number Plan) and
securing your system from
tone zone
setting in zconfig.h
touch-tone dialing
Transfer( ) application
translation costs between audio formats
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
transport protocols, Internet, real-time media streaming and
transport-layer protocols for SIP
trunking
IAX protocol
iax2 trunk debug command
use of ISDN
trunking provided by BRI ISDN
TrySystem( ) application
TXTCIDName( ) application
Asterisk