7.1. Analog Telephony
The purpose of the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN) is to establish and maintain audio connections
between two endpoints.
Although humans can perceive sound vibrations in
the range of 20-20,000 Hz, most of the sounds we make when speaking
tend to be in the range of 250-3,000 Hz. Since the purpose of the
telephone network is to transmit the sounds of people speaking, it
was designed with a bandwidth of somewhere in the range of
300-3,500 Hz. This limited bandwidth means that some sound quality
will be lost (as anyone who's had to listen to music on hold can
attest to), especially in the higher frequencies.
7.1.1. Parts of an Analog
Telephone
An analog phone is composed of five parts: the
ringer, the dial pad, the hybrid (or network), and the hook switch
and handset (both of which are considered parts of the hybrid). The
ringer, the dial pad, and the hybrid can operate completely
independently from one another.
7.1.1.1. Ringer
When the central office (CO) wants to signal an
incoming call, it will connect an alternating current (AC) signal
of roughly 90 volts to your circuit. This will cause the bell in
your telephone to produce a ringing sound. (In electronic
telephones, this ringer may be a small electronic warbler rather
than a bell. Ultimately, a ringer can be anything that is capable
of reacting to the ringing voltagefor example, strobe lights are
often employed in noisy environments such as factories.)
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Ringing voltage can be hazardous. Be very
careful to take precautions when working with an in-service
telephone line.
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Many people confuse the AC voltage that triggers
the ringer with the direct current (DC) voltage that powers the
phone. Remember that the ringer will not respond to DC voltage, and
you've got it.
In North America, the number of ringers you can
connect to your line is dependent on the Ringer Equivalence Number
(REN) of your various devices. (The REN must be listed on each
device.) The total REN for all devices connected to your line
cannot exceed 5.0. An REN of 1.0 is equivalent to an old-fashioned
analog set with an electromechanical ringer. Some electronic phones
have an REN of 0.3 or even less.
7.1.1.2. Dial pad
When you place a telephone call, you need some
way of letting the network know the address of the party you wish
to reach. The dial pad is the portion of the phone that provides
this functionality. In the early days of the PSTN, dial pads were
rotary devices that used pulses to indicate digits. This was a
rather slow process, so the telephone companies eventually
introduced touch-tone dialing . With
touch-tonealso known as Dual-Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF)dialing,
the dial pad consists of 12 buttons. Each button has two
frequencies assigned to it (see Table 7-1).
Table 7-1. DTMF digits
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1209 Hz
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1336 Hz
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1477 Hz
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1633 Hza
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697 Hz
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1
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2
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3
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A
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770 Hz
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4
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5
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6
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B
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852 Hz
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7
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8
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9
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C
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941 Hz
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*
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0
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#
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D
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When you press a button on your dial pad, the
two corresponding frequencies are transmitted down the line.
We assume that you've used a telephone, so we
won't spend any more time on DTMF.
7.1.1.3. Hybrid (or network)
The hybrid is a type of transformer that handles
the need to combine the signals transmitted and received across a
single pair of wires in the PSTN and two pairs of wires in the
handset. One of the functions the hybrid performs is regulating
sidetone , which is the amount of your transmitted
signal that is returned to your earpieceits purpose is to provide a
more natural-sounding conversation. Too much sidetone, and your
voice will sound too loud; too little, and you'll think the line
has gone dead.
7.1.1.3.1. Hook switch (or switch
hook)
This device signals the state of the telephone
circuit to the CO. When you pick up your telephone, the hook
switch closes the loop between you and
the CO, which is seen as a request for a dial tone. When you hang
up, the hook switch opens the circuit, which indicates that the
call has ended.
The hook switch can also be used for signaling
purposes. Some electronic analog phones have a button labeled
"Link" that causes an event called a flash. You can perform a flash manually by
depressing the hook switch for a duration of between 200 and 1,200
milliseconds. If you leave it down for longer than that, the
carrier will assume you've hung up. The purpose of the Link button
is to handle this timing for you. If you've ever used call waiting
or three-way calling on an analog line, you have performed a hook
switch flash for the purpose of signaling the network.
7.1.1.3.2. Handset
The handset is composed of the transmitter and
receiver. It performs the conversion between the sound energy
humans use and the electrical energy the telephone network
uses.
7.1.2. Tip and Ring
In an analog telephone circuit, there are two
wires. In North America, these wires are referred to as Tip and
Ring. This terminology comes from
the days when telephone calls were connected by live operators
sitting at cord boards. The plugs they used had two contacts, one
located at the tip of the plug and the other connected to the ring
around the middle (Figure 7-1).
The Tip lead is the positive polarity wire. In
North America, this wire is typically green and provides the return
path. The Ring wire is the negative polarity wire. In North
America, this wire is normally red. When your telephone is on-hook,
this wire will have a potential of -48V DC with respect to Tip.
Off-hook, this voltage drops to roughly -7V DC.
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